Exploring the Chinese Distribution Strategy for Gallo

According to China Research and Intelligence (2010), distribution channels are still the key factor to success. Since the Chinese and Hong Kong markets show a slight preference for on-trade channels, especially concerning exclusive products such as wine, E&J Gallo Rose concentrates on them (China Research and Intelligence, 2010). According to Hollensen (2011), given that Gallo Rose is a high quality product selective distribution would be the appropriate form of distribution as Gallo Rose would be targeting a specific market. Gallo would depend on Chinese and Hong Kong wholesalers to distribute the wine to hotels and supermarkets, preferably those whom the competitors are not currently using. Therefore, a range of intermediaries has to be chosen carefully: mid to high price restaurants offering Western food, international pubs and lounges build a trading base. Once the wine is established, cooperation with high class Chinese and Hong Kong establishments could be considered. However, a presence in high segment supermarkets will be obligatory to make the product accessible. Jenster and Cheng (2008) stress the rise of other off-trade channels, such as specialty wine stores and online wine-sites. The former is particularly important for new Chinese wine drinkers. The latter will be a part of Gallo’s distribution chain as soon as it reaches a higher market share. As outlined by Bretherton and Carswell (2001), the Chinese distribution system is improving slowly. To set up in Hong Kong and coastal areas of China is relatively easy, as the infrastructure is excellent. Direct exports with the support of an executive office are sufficient. Nonetheless, further expansion will conflict with trade barriers and local protectionism. Areas have to be treated separately and high transaction costs are necessary to build own distribution channels. However, the advantages of higher reliance and lower control costs are obvious. Import taxes in China are lowered according to WTO agreements (9), but still 14% (Yu and Sun et al, 2009) plus value-added and consumption tax. On the other hand, Hong Kong tries to create a wine trading hub with the exemption of import taxes since 2008 (Winechina. com, 2010).

Assignment 205 Task A Letter

Assignment 205 Introduction to duty of care in Health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings Task B Case Study Case Study One You are a support worker for Mrs Ahmed who is 89, physically frail and lives alone. She has diabetes. Mrs Ahmed wants to eat foods that are not suitable for her medical condition, and asks you to shop for her as she is not able to get the shop herself. BiDescribe the difficulties for you in exercising your duty of care and upholding Mrs Ahmed’s right to choose.I would consult Mrs Ahmed’s care plan, and advise her about your concerns that she follow a healthy diet, stressing that she will feel much better if she does so. I would also advise her about alternative foods. BiiWhere would you go to get advice, information and support to deal with the dilemma? I would seek advice and support from my manager, and get information from Mrs Ahmed’s care plan. Case Study Two Leon Quashie lives in supported housing. He has learning disabilities. You are his support worker. Leon tells you that he has a new friend who comes to his home and plays on his games cons ole.A few days later you notice that the games console is missing. Leon tells you his new friend has borrowed it. BiiiDescribe the difficulties for you in exercising your duty of care to Leon and upholding his rights. As I am Leon’s support worker I would explain to him that I can call his friend and ask him to return the games console, if it does not get returned then I may have to inform the police. Also I would explain to Leon that I am there to protect him from being exploited or taken advantage of. I would explain to Leon he has a right to make mistakes and choose what he does with his possessions.Bivwhere could you go to get advice and support on how to ensure you uphold Leon’s rights but also follow your own duty of care? I would get advice from my manager, social worker and maybe the police. Task C Ciidentify a) Legal b) Organisational Requirements for dealing with complaints.a) The legal requirements are handled by CQC (care quality commission)b) Organisationa l requirements are Care home policies. (Manager) CiiComplaints may be received from service users, other practitioners, or the family of service users.Describe the important points to remember when responding to complaints. Listen to the complainant, give them your undivided attention, record the complaint accurately (check with the individual), tell them how and to whom the complaint will be reported to (show them your procedure), assure them that their complaint will receive attention and be resolved as soon as possible, report immediately and follow up, The complainant should be aware that their complaint has been taken seriously and a letter of acknowledgement should be sent out.

Example Persuasive Essay

Should Teachers Be Able to Bring Guns to School? Guns are powerful weaponry used mainly for protection. Misuse of this type of weapon is the cause of laws and regulations that are enforced today, for people can be greatly injured if not used for pragmatic reasons. Guns have literally been banned from many public places, such as schools, for this reason.Absolutely no one, aside from law-enforcement officials, are allowed to carry a gun on them in schools; however, teachers should be allowed to carry guns as well because they know their responsibilities and need the ability to protect their students, as well as themselves, in a case of emergency. In a time of crisis, such as an intruder or another person with a gun at school, teachers act as an aegis to their students, for most teachers treat their students as if they were their own children.Knowing their responsibility of protection, teachers know that it would be difficult to shield their students if an intruder were to infiltrate th eir classroom or place where they were assigned to teach or monitor students. However, by being able to bear a gun, they would not only be able to protect their students, but they could also stop the intruder from harming any other student or faculty member as well.This process of being able to allow teachers to carry guns would be inevitably difficult, for, in most places, as Brad Knickerbocker says, â€Å"District policy prohibits anyone except a law-enforcement officer from bringing a weapon onto campus† (1). However, as Knickerbocker also says, â€Å"Throughout the country, lawmakers are filing bills that would make it legal for adult school employees to carry firearms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1).Therefore, there is a chance that a bill will be passed and allow the great advantage of being able to possess a gun on school property for the responsible teachers wanting to provide a protected environment for their students, be able to protect themselves, and simply have a security mea sure for any emergency situation that may come up. Initially, students are the major components that make up a school, for, without them, educators would have nothing and no one to teach. Students should be able to come to school worry-free and comfortably, for they should not have the fear of a school not being safe at any time.Moreover, in order to be a preventative of students being afraid, there should be more security measures than there are currently in schools today. Indubitably, most schools have emergency drills and practices for protection; however, that is not always enough, for people in a school can still be harmed, or even worse, executed. For example, a student could walk into a school with a concealed weapon and easily start firing off into a crowd of students; therefore, law-enforcement officers alone may not be able to reach the situation fast enough.Furthermore, if each teacher were allowed to carry a gun, with proper training, they would be able to stop the stude nt from harming any more students than they could have before. Nevertheless, this does not mean only a gun such as a pistol, for even Taser guns could be used if the intruder or the threatening student didn’t need to be injured to the extent to where they are immediately deceased. Basically, students would be much more protected where they could roam the halls without apprehension if teachers were allowed to carry and use guns accordingly.Subsequently, teachers should not only be able to protect their students, but they should be able to protect themselves as well. Although there are risks where teachers could harm themselves by accidental usage of a gun, misplace a gun, or have their gun stolen, there still seems to be more pros than cons on the situation. As students are known to be the main components of a school, the educators are very important as well. Because of this, those educators need to be protected in case something abominable was to happen to them as well.Most t eachers would agree that if a situation came up where law-enforcement officers were needed, they would want to be equally equipped with protection, and, in this case, that protection would be a gun. Unfortunately, there are still teachers that would rather not have a gun, for, as Kenneth S. Trump, President of National School Safety and Security Services, said, â€Å"The vast majority of teachers want to be armed with textbooks and computers, not guns† (qtd. in â€Å"Arming Teachers† 1).However, those disagreeing teachers most likely wouldn’t believe that if an emergency came up to where their own lives were threatened. Typically, the majority of teachers would agree that a gun could be a great advantage in a case of emergency, whether or not there could be a few risks at stake. Finally, emergency situations can happen in the blink of an eye, and the phrase, â€Å"expect the unexpected,† should be applied as a preventative for anything harmful that could have been avoidable. Also, an emergency situation can get so out of hand that numerous law-enforcement officers would need to be present.An example of this would be the Columbine High School massacre, where a student brought a gun to school and fired off into a crowd of students, which injured 21 people and executed 15 people; however, this could have been avertible if teachers were allowed to have guns, for a teacher could then have had the ability to stop the student from causing any harm, aside a simple scare of the school’s students and faculty being wounded. Moreover, that massacre is merely an example of an event that could have been much worse, for, with violence becoming worse in today’s world, an execution of a whole school could even happen.This, at least, should be a reason for teachers to have guns so everyone would feel safe in the long run. In addition to this, the matter of teachers having guns shouldn’t be a complicated matter when emergencies co me up because it would be a great advantage for all teachers with training for the usage of guns to be able to have a quick way of response to any type of thing that may endanger human lives; therefore, avertible situations should be taken into consideration, and, if nothing else, arming the teachers with guns would be a great way to fulfill that thought.Mostly, some people could say that a process as complex as this would seem not worth fighting for; however, many teachers could agree otherwise, for they would rather be protected and take risks than to be like a sitting duck and not take even the slightest risk to support an advantage that could save other people’s lives, as well as their own. Trump says, â€Å"The arming of teachers and school staff goes is a significantly different issue that goes beyond simply the issue of an individual’s right in a number of states to be licensed to carry a concealed weapon† (qtd. n â€Å"Arming Teachers† 2). This is partially true, for it does inevitably go beyond the basic rights of individuals; however, that does not mean that it shouldn’t be taken into effect because complexity comes around. Basically, when push comes to shove, people shouldn’t back down due to the lack of simplicity of a certain matter, and, in this case, that matter would be allowing teachers to carry guns.Ultimately, risks are taken every day, and the risk of wounding a few students to a whole body of students seems to be a much better way out. That way, the teachers wanting to protect their students, as well as themselves, can act as a precaution, for most realistic teachers know that, if an emergency situation came up, it would surely be atrocious to go back and see that less harm could have been done after all.As Knickerbocker says, â€Å"The NRA and other gun advocates view allowing guns on school property as a safety measure† (2); therefore, overall, if an organization such as the National Rifle Association were to agree that teachers should have the advantage to step up in emergency situations in order to protect their students, as well as themselves, then it shouldn’t be such a crucial matter to allow guns to be carried by teachers after all.Works Cited â€Å"Arming Teachers and School Staff with Guns. † schoolsecurity. org. National School Safety and Security Services, 1996-2008. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. Kinckerbocker, Brad. â€Å"Should Teachers Be Able to Bring Guns to School? † seattletimes. nwsource. com. The Seattle Times Company, 2007. Web. 2 Oct. 2012.

Emotional Couples Therapy Essay

This is a paper on a video named Emotional Focused Couples Therapy, it is about a couple that is talking to a counseling professional about issues they are having, the biggest one being the husbands anger. Throughout the videos you see how the professional uses the three stages in interviewing to support the couple. She also does a great job on summarizing and paraphrasing what the couple is saying and feeling. The professional uses both open and closed ended questions during the session. There is also a lot of body language happening by everyone involved, some good and some bad. The professional really shows the clients that she is really there for them in her body language and the way she is reflecting their feelings back at them. The couple listens to each other and expands on their feelings with the support of the professional. They also both realize that they want to work things out between them and are willing to keep working at their relationship. Open and Closed Ended Questions In this therapy session the therapist asked many open and closed ended questions to help get the full picture of the client’s relationship. When the therapist was asking these questions she was using verbal and nonverbal cues from the couple, to see how and what she should be asking next. The questions that where asked in this session is: 1. Is it hard to be supportive? 2. Is it had to be close? (Meaning affectionate) 3. Do you withdraw? (From the conversation and the relationship) 4. How do you deal with the message, that you are a are screwed up? (Not ever said he just fees that way.) 5. Are times that you can be close? (Affectionate) 6. Do you think that your wife sees you as a mean and nasty person? 7. Do you feel rejected? 8. Am I getting it? (The therapist states this several times during the session as she is reflecting on their conversation.) 9. Is lonely an ok word to use? (The wife was having a hard time thinking of a word.) 10. Scott do you think that you wife knows how you feel? 11. Do you feel that she does not care in the heat of the moment? 12. Have you ever tried to explain to her how you are feeling? 13. Can you help her understand the feeling of rejection? 14. What is it like to tell her how it makes you feel when you feel rejected? 15. What would be the worst thing that would happen if you told your wife your softer feelings? 16. Would you like to be able to trust your wife and be able to talk about your softer feelings? 17. Would you like him to be able to talk about his softer feelings? 18. Do you let the feelings touch you at all? 19. Do you hear her and find that comforting? (The feelings) 20. What do you think about what he did today? (Opening up during the session.) This professional has a way that when she is reflecting what the clients are saying and expression she is asking them if she is right and they add to the conversation. Above are some of the separate questions that she was asking during the session. There were very few closed ended questions. She would reflect and they would open up even more. The professional summarized and paraphrased what the couple was saying many times during the session to make sure that she understood what they were saying is what she was hearing. The professional was very effective in summarizing and paraphrasing the relationship and the feelings that both parties were talking about and expressing. Verbal and Nonverbal There was verbal and nonverbal communication, actions and skills happening in the session by the couple and the professional. Watching the couple expressional the husband he had his arm and feet crossed and turned away from his wife most of the session. The wife kept going from arms being crossed to out in front of her. She also was turned away from her husband  most of the session. The couple showed in their nonverbal body language that there was a problem and they both where uncomfortable with the situation. When certain question and answers where given the body language changed in the couple. The professional could tell when something was uncomfortable by their body language and she help the couple talk about it more, even though they were not picking up on the nonverbal cues for each other. The professional at the beginning had paper in her lab taking notes, after a while she put it down and leaned forward towards the couple showing them that she was really listening to them and was really involved in what they were saying to her. The professional was able to use verbal and nonverbal skills to help the couple during this session and help them to start to listen to each other. The verbal skills that the professional used where very effectively, she was to be able to summarize their feelings and thought. The nonverbal skills showed the couple that she was supportive and involved in helping them. By sitting up and leaning forward in her chair it was another way for the couple to see she was involved in the conversations. Stages of the Interview There are three stages to an interview, exploration, clarification and action. The exploration stage involves helping the client examine his or her thoughts and feelings. The second stage is exploration helps the clients understand their feeling and their thoughts. The final stage is action, which is where the clients start making the change towards their goals. During this interview, the professional listen to both clients on what they thought was the problem and their feelings. They both agreed that anger was the steam of the troubles that they were having, and them not listening and communicating with each other. When the second stage was introduced the professional was involved more. She helped both parties of the couple to understand and reflect on what they each where saying and helping them truly understand and really listen to each other. The professional also very effectively summarized and paraphrased what they were saying again, so maybe they could hear it said in a different way. By doing this she was able to get even more information from them about more if the true problems they were facing. The third and final stage is action. During this session you see that they are starting to listen to each other  and even open up more. Having the husband talk about his softer feelings and also for him to hear that is wife does not think that he is a monster was a great start to the process. They both also stated that they want to work things out and be together. That statement alone should the professional that they both were committed to the process. Self-disclosure and Reflective Feelings During the interview the professional really worked hard to get the couple to talk about their feelings and express their thoughts. Throughout she was able to get them both to self-disclose and reflect on each other’s feelings. As times this was not an easy thing to so especially for the husband but he did do it. He was not sure about showing his softer side, he thought it made him feel week and like a sissy. The wife disagreed she thought the angry side of him was the sissy side. They both listened to each other’s feeling and acknowledge them and respected them throughout the session, but may not have always agreed with them. This interview was very emotionally charged and at sometimes uncomfortable for the couple. With that said, they both listened and rejected each other. The professional was able to summarize both of their feelings very well, and understand what both of them where saying about the situation. Overall the therapy session was a great starting point by the couple not no were being done with their therapy and situation. Being able to talk about feelings is hard and sometime intimidating, when you are in front of a stranger. The comfort level of the session was ok, they looked uncomfortable, not just because they were there but the chairs and the overall appearance of the room, not very inviting. The structure of the interview flowed very well and the professional was able to keep the conversations moving in the right direction so the session was helpful for the couple. References (2009). Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy [Video file]. Retrieved from Phsycoheapy,bet website: http://ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/login?url=http://vast.alexanderstreet.com/view/1779000.

An Agile Methodology and a More Traditional Approach Essay

An Agile Methodology and a More Traditional Approach - Essay Example I have categorized these factors into project size and duration, the risk involved and people.   One major shortcoming of the agile approach is project size. Project size comprises of elements such as the budget of the project, the project’s duration and the organization of the project team. A large team or huge budget means that the project is big and therefore requires more resources, workforce and general coordination of all these elements. The traditional approach to project management methodologies aids these process by providing plans and facilitating more detailed documentation for better advances communication and ease of coordination.   According to the book, ‘Project management fundamentals: key concepts and methodology’ â€Å"There is a limit to the size of the problem that can be solved with a given number of people† (Haugan, 2011). Haugan goes ahead to show the existing relationship between methodology and communication. A cording to him, the level of methodology rises with an increase in the number of people. The mobile phone company seems to have a number of stakeholders in the management of the project, therefore, in this case, I would advise ten to use the traditional approach. However, if the people involved are less than forty, they should consider using the agile approach. When it comes to making a decision in regards to project duration, since the project needs fast completion, it is advisable for the mobile company to use agile methodology because traditional methodologies involve lengthy outputs (Goodpasture, 2010).   The company also has to consider customer adaptability to the new product as another great factor in deciding what approach to use. In the agile approach, the customer has the ability to evaluate the progress of the software and alter the direction of the software development.

Outline the reasons for the increase in global tourism. Discuss the Essay

Outline the reasons for the increase in global tourism. Discuss the long-term effects of tourism on an emerging economy - Essay Example 1). It is worth noting that global tourism is on the increase and has resulted in many economic benefits to the countries involved. This paper is therefore going to look at the increase in global tourism and the long-term effects of tourism on an emerging economy. Reasons for the increase in global tourism There are several reasons that have led to the massive increase in global tourism over the past few years, and Barnes (2008) has pointed out some of the reasons which we are going to look at. 1. Cheap air travel and package tours. Air travel being made cheap by several airline companies has encouraged many people to travel as tourists to the destinations of their choice. This is mainly because they can now afford to pay for their airfares, and this is contrary to what was happening in the past when air travel was mainly for the very rich in the society. Further encouraging the growth of global tourism is the introduction of very attractive package tours. For example, things such as discounts for certain periods of stay or in certain seasons have seen people take advantage of them. Similarly, countries which offer tourist destinations have lowered charges to a reasonable level, and this has had the effect of encouraging tourists to visit those destinations. Just like any other product or service with a lowered price attracts buyers in plenty, tourism also increases when the cost of travel, accommodation, and gate charges at various destinations are reduced. 2. Rising income Increasing income of the people in several places in the world has led to the growth in global tourism because these people can now afford the travel and other expenses related to tourism. Rising income is a factor that is attributed to the economic growth, and it means that people have money to spend, and may choose to spend it by touring places of their choice. People whose income has increased have extra money that they may use in leisure activities, with tourism being a leisure activity for those who can afford it. 3. Advent of internet Computers, the Internet and its associated technologies have made a lot of things easier including tourism. Efficiency, cost and time saving are some of the advantages brought about by this kind of technology, and this has had a tremendous impact on tourism. Booking flight is now done online by many people and has proved to be a very quick and effective method of booking. This is because it saves time and money and enables one to avoid the inconvenience involved in getting to a booking office. All is done at the comfort of the home. Also one can make hotel bookings in the destination country via the Internet, which bring costs and inconveniences down. For example, one makes an online booking in order to be guaranteed accommodation once he/she lands in the destination country. Via online bookings, one can also hire a travel car, do research on a particular country of destination to know about its offers and a whole lot of things, an d this is done while seated at home or in the office. 4. Easy visa access According to World Tourism Council (WTC) and World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC) (2012), minimal steps towards visa facilitation can lead to huge economic benefits as a result of increased tourism demand and spending. When countries relax restrictions on visa issuance, then the effect is that people travel a lot and this takes place, and it

Did the Nazi corrupt 'volkish' ideals Discuss Essay

Did the Nazi corrupt 'volkish' ideals Discuss - Essay Example By the 1930’s Volkism had come to imply much more than its initial concepts of culture, heritage and value of a race to the German populous. The anti-Semitism and subsequent deeds that typifies Hitler’s reign had been building up among the German people for decades. The acceptance of the German public of Hitler and his government though irrational, was not unexplainable. To understand to what extent the Nazi Party distorted or extended the volkish ideology to fit its own agenda, one must first appreciate the original meaning and evolution of the concept prior to and during the rise of the Third Reich. This paper will briefly explain the history of volkish thought, its correlation to and how it became intertwined with the Nazi regime and explore the question; was Volkism a gentile concept unwittingly used as an of tool for propaganda or is it the underlying reason for the public sanctioning of aggressive military measures and racism? As the industrial age swept across Europe in the mid-1800’s it brought society new opportunities but also inadvertently served to increase the individual’s feeling of remoteness and a loss of personal belonging (Mosse, 1964, p. 13). As Germany became modernized, its people began to feel alone in their own culture and began to desire closer association to their community. â€Å"Joining the Volk was a way to intellectually rebel against this new, modern world. The Volk was an intermediary between the extremes of individuality and the quest for cosmic identity† (Mosse, 1964, p. 15). A major aspect in the Volk concept centered around the sense of belonging and familiarity along with a strong connection with the rural, pastoral locations of the homeland. Germans of the Volk saw themselves as biologically bonded to those of their community, country and was as one with spirit of the countryside from which they were born. This relationship with the natural surroundings legitimized a

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report on the disease Cryptosporidiosis Essay

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report on the disease Cryptosporidiosis - Essay Example Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, Cryptosporidium felis and Cryptosporidium canis have been identified as the major types of Cryptosporidium that cause infection in humans. While presence of C. canis, C. felis and C. meleagridis has been confirmed in AIDS patients. They have the capability to infect both immuno-competent and immuno-compromised individuals (Tzipori, p. 884-886). It considered an important source of morbidity and mortality in young children. Every year about 400-500 people in New York alone are infected by the parasite. It has been known to cause short term diarrhea in young children but if severe may even cause long term problems in immuno-compromised persons (Guerrant, p. 707-13). This parasite is usually found in the soil food and water, or surfaces that are known to come in contact with feces. It is how ever not known to spread via contact with blood (CDC). Most Infections tend to spread by the oral-fecal route. That entails the droppings of an infected animal and the transmission of the parasite via the mouth. This parasite can also spread by person to person, by eating contaminated food and by drinking contaminated water. It is in fact because the parasite is transmitted via the oral fecal route that it is often found in people with poor hygiene, diapered children and people with diarrhea. The infection can also spread by eating contaminated, uncooked food and also by touching hands which may be infected with the parasite to the mouth. Exposure to feces via sexual contact may also be one more source of infection (CDC). Never the less it is important to note that a short term infection may have long term consequences (Guerrant, p. 707-13). The degree of in fection is usually directly related to the severity and onset of disease. Some adults with incompetent immune systems such as seen widely

Intelligence Collection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intelligence Collection - Essay Example These vessels leave behind traces of chemicals while moving which are detected by sampling (chapter 11, page 238). 2. Materials acquisition refers to gathering a piece of component or equipment, such as a vehicle, an integrated circuit chip, radar or a missile. Two purposes of the process are reverse engineer a component and performance analysis of the equipment. During their glory days, the Soviets used to be excellent at concealed materiel acquisition. At a certain time they dealt with acquiring a latest IBM machine before it was formally launched in the market; but, the consequence was less than pleasing for the Soviets since none of the maintenance or sales staff of the firm they contacted afterward, didn’t know how to operate it (chapter 11, page 246). 3. Each nuclear detonation leaves evidences in the atmosphere. Nuclear forensic department presently implements 2 kind of collection. One is directed towards testing nuclear arms and evaluating its performance and depends on ground or aircraft sites to gather air samples. Another one is meant for detecting the movement or production of materials used in nuclear weapons and depends principally on gathering material samples near or in an anticipated milieu. The final kind of collection is promising but luckily has yet to be implemented: acquiring samples of the remains after a nuclear combat for the rationale of finding out the source of the device applied (chapter 11, page 240). Fingerprints are considered as principal biometric method, as it is evident that no 2 fingerprints are accurately same. Today, fingerprint readers have become widely available and inexpensive. Voice imitation that seems like a correct match to the individual ear would, rather, have a considerably diverse voice print. A sample of DNA can be studied to recognize either a DNA profile or a DNA fingerprint. Retinal scanning assesses the structure of blood vessels at the backside of the eyeball. Iris scans studies

Cross-Cultural Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cross-Cultural Communication - Essay Example In today’s world of cultural diversity, emotions like empathy can really help more than sympathy in improving cross-cultural communication between the native people and foreigners in any place. Bennette (11) says that the communication strategy which is most suitable in context of cultural diversity, is empathy which literally helps people from diverse backgrounds understand and respect each other’s feelings and values. It is suggested that empathy works more magic than sympathy in ensuring successful cross-cultural communication because this makes an individual actually participate in others’ sorrows, rather than merely imagining him/herself in the depressed person’s position. This sort of an empathic attitude really helps in incorporating the necessary element of understanding in cross-cultural communication. Cultural empathy phenomenally aids in communication because in this way, one really seeks to learn and comprehend what viewpoints other person†™s culture presents about myriad issues, and this results in a very strong connection between two culturally diverse people. In a story â€Å"A Town Called Rosewood† written by (Carnes, Tauss, and Blackmun), it is mentioned how race and other such stereotypes mattered greatly in the destruction of a whole town called Rosewood and how its population got homeless and scattered as a result of the horrendous massacre initiated by the biased white people back in 1923. the uncontrollable mess all started when a black man falsely accused and this gave the white neighbors an unjustified chance to crackdown on the town mostly occupied by the less influential black people. Following are two letters addressed to each of the two groups, the native residents of Rosewood and their more influential white neighbors in an effort to inform each party about the values and cultural norms

Choose one of the eight schools of criticism. Choose a poem from part Essay

Choose one of the eight schools of criticism. Choose a poem from part two of your english 1302 textbook. Craft an argument through the lens of your chosen schools criteria or focus on that poem - Essay Example This serves as a challenge for the reader to try and relate the author’s events with that of a historical event. It is here that he reader is curious as to which race in history is known for martyrdoms? If the first of the reader’s guesses is the Jews, then this answer is conveyed in the latter parts of the poem. One cannot help but sympathise with the state of hopelessness of the author in the second stanza. This is evidenced in the lines: ‘nothing serves me to assuage the agony of our age.’ 1The second part of the poem which is at the beginning of the third stanza is also an emphasis on the hopelessness of the author that her life will not become better with time. We get to know of her obsession with redemption from the life she is living at that time. Short terse and compact lines compel he reader to sympathise with the author’s situation. The reader can feel the sorrow and agony of someone in despair from the use of such short and emotional lines. The reader also is constantly in question as to who is the cause of such misery to the author but a good historical background may serve well to inform the reader that he setting of the poem was in Nazi Germany, where the Germans oppressed the people of Jewish origin. From the line, ‘The Jew of ghetto crawls,’ the reader is given a distinct imagination ox the deplorable living condition of the Jews as they were living in the Holocaust. 2The reader sympathises with the author for the horrors that she experiences of her teenage years after reading the following stanza: â€Å"Like every living Jew I have in imagination seen the gas-chamber the mass-grave the unknown body which was mine and found in every German face behind the mask the mark of Cain I will not make their thoughts my own by hating people for their race.†2 Gershon says that ‘Here and there a Jew lifts an individual face, a man for the sake of his gifts

Research Paper Outline Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Research Paper Outline - Assignment Example Groves (2010) argues that schools that do not have a policy for dressing usually have problems in the sense that students tend to put on all manner of clothing, some of which border on indecency and controversy. Some clothes worn by students to schools conflict the school policies in terms of dressing code and ethical standards. In this regard, means that the school administrators have a hard time trying to ensure that all students dress appropriately while in school. It implies that much of the precious time that would have been used on instructional leadership is spent on attending to and solving dressing issues. According to (Mathison & Ross, 2008).  Some of the clothing-related conflicts arise from difference in socio-economic status of students that determine the brands of clothes that they wear. Allowing school uniforms to be mandated for public school systems will minimize the wear of baggy clothing that can be used to hide weapons.  Additionally, uniforms eliminate the wear of â€Å"gang related colors† which can lead to becoming and unknown target of opportunity.   Baron (2013) gives a classic example of the student who wore baggy clothing unleashing more than ten guns that he had hid in his clothes. In the age of school violence, especially in America, school administrators should not allow baggy clothes and oversized shorts in the school compounds. The boy hid ten kinds of different ammunitions in his oversized shorts and perhaps the trend is even more serious in other schools without the uniform policy. While the supporters of school uniforms agree that schools uniforms significantly reduce incidences of violence and crime in public schools, some parents and students see this policy as an infringement to personal freedom (Alexander & Alexander, 2012).  They argue that the uniform policy where all students must be clad in navy pants or skirts and white shirts is

Dewa - Industry Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dewa - Industry Project - Research Paper Example The Institution should be managed under the successful leadership of the managers and executive Directors in DEWA who have made Dubai ecofriendly by their ground-breaking projects. The institution will be uniquely placed in the Middle East and it will be tasked with gathering and consolidating all the efforts towards achieving a cleaner environment. Global warming is currently a worldwide disaster that needs to be combated by all nations so that a balance of nature can be maintained in the environment. DEWA has worked in accordance with development programmes of Dubai to apply the latest technologies for optimal use of energy, water, and environment. The Carbon Center of Excellence will work hand in hand with DEWA but specifically focus on dealing with pollution and carbon emission in the energy sector. Objective The Dubai Carbon Center of excellence will aim at reducing global warming by developing plants that reduce carbon emissions and allow the existence of an eco-friendly enviro nment in Dubai. This will help Dubai meet the world requirements of eliminating pollution of dangerous gases such as carbon. The most important topics that are given priority in the Dubai Electricity and Water Authority are power generation and water desalination, which do not ensure that carbon emission is eliminated. These topics, including control of carbon emissions, are a major part of the Dubai Carbon Centers’ vision that aims at consolidating the production capacity in the energy sector. Background Dubai aims to produce about 12% of its energy needs through clean coal technologies, 12% through the use of nuclear energy, and another 5% through renewable energies but the issue of eliminating pollution has not been fully addressed. DEWA has made significant accomplishments in production of sufficient energy and developing modern infrastructure of power grids and water networks. In addition, it has set effective programmes to meet Dubai’s future needs with reference to the ever-growing population in Dubai. The relentless pursuit of various countries in the world to save energy in all of its forms clearly demonstrates that it is a vital element and a major requirement for achieving sustainable development and the prosperity of nations. SWOT Analysis Its success is evaluated by considering its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that are associated with introducing the carbon center in the market and industries. The analysis of the environment and the consumer are included in the SWOT table below. Subject: The creation of a Dubai Carbon Center of Excellence to reduce carbon emission in the energy sector for DEWA Strengths The carbon center would ensure production of clean energy. The project would be a major pillar towards achieving an ecofriendly environment. This proposal addresses Global warming that has been a major disaster world over and is becoming more lethal each day. The stakeholders including world leaders are committed a nd are confident that the proposal can be implemented. Weaknesses Experts will simply use prospects on the expected level of reduced carbon emission because the project has not been tested in Dubai. The proposal will receive rejection from smaller industries that are governed by DEWA but cannot afford the plant. There is a possibility of insufficient

Victoria Secret Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Victoria Secret - Case Study Example Metrics 16 Outcome metric 16 Performance Metric 16 13. Leveraging its brick and mortar store 17 14. Changes expected after the 24 months launch period 17 Works Cited 19 1. Current target segment: The new brand for men The management of Victoria’s secret has come up with the strategy to expand their line of products into the men’s segment. They expect to be equally successful in this segment as they had been in the women’s segment. The underlying idea behind this expansion is to introduce color and style to men’s underwear thereby exploring a market which is tremendously underserved. The new line brand of products targeted towards men will add a new dimension to Victoria’s Secret range of products. Expanding into the new line of men’s undergarment will fetch consumer loyalty to Victoria’s from this segment of customers as well alongside the loyalty of their existing customers. The underlying strategy behind the company’s expansio n into the men’s underwear line is to attract new customers. This strategy will help the business to diversify into a segment that is yet to be explored in the US and henceforth in the world. In addition to that, the expansion program will help Victoria’s secret to achieve a wider customer base thereby creating new sources of revenue stream. 2. Do men consider underwear purchases discretionary? According to a logic outlined by Alan Greenspan, men’s practice of buying underwear is thought to be a good indicator of discretionary spending (â€Å"What Is the Men's Underwear Index?†). The logic that Alan Greenspan stated is both elegant and simple. According to him, more often than not most of the guys have their drawer filled with fairly ratty underwear which they choose to wear until and unless the elastic has ruptured or the boxers are riddled with holes. Because of the fact that co workers and friends generally do not notice a guy’s undergarments, h ence this frayed underwear often looks like a purchase made on discretionary basis. Men’s pattern of buying underwear is a crucial indicator of how the economy is performing. Whenever, men starts to apprehend that the economy is about to dip, they simply stop refilling their drawers with fresh undergarments. A perfect example to support this theory was when the economy started dipping the year 2008, annual sales of men’s underwear dropped by 12% (Trex â€Å"Boxers, Briefs or Loincloth? A Brief History of Men's Underwear†). In accordance with these recent theories, expanding into the men’s segment will prove to be a prospective decision for Victoria’s secret. The primary reason that can be attributed to this fact is that currently the United States economy is recovering at a steady pace. Moreover, not many undergarment brands exist in the country which produces men’s underwear suggesting that, this segment is highly unexplored. So, it is expe cted that the changing pattern in the performance of the United States economy will bring about a profound change in the way men buy their undergarments. Thus, an expansion in this division will prove to be a value maximizing decision for the company. If the products are well appreciated by customers and society, Victoria’s Secret has a possibility for extended growth. 3. Potential target market The potential target market is young and trendy men between the age group 15 and 45. As of now, in terms of geography, the chosen target market is USA. The reason for this is because of a slow growth (10%) witnessed in the annual sales of me

Corporate Financial Information Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Corporate Financial Information Analysis - Essay Example In simple words almost all have their own strategies to survive the downturn and afloat their businesses. This report aims to offer an insight into the financial analysis of the two companies in the light of the credit crisis on the financial state of these companies. The past and current financial performances of any company are significant to shape up the future funding strategies of the respective organisation. Shareholders’ wealth creation is significant for any organisation. The impact of credit crisis on the creation of shareholders’ wealth of the two companies is analyzed in this report to make the analysis more judicious. Balfour Beatty and Redrow are two leading players in the housing development and infrastructure industry. Both of these companies are listed in FTSE 250 index. These two are taken up for financial analysis to detect the effect of financial downturn on the market. Balfour Beatty: This UK organisation is a renowned name in road infrastructure, electrical and mechanical engineering, support services and other disciplines (Balfour Beatty, n.d.). In the year 2009, the company ranked 19th among the international leagues table of contractors. Established in the year 1909, it is now one of the largest fixed rail infrastructures contracting company across the globe. The company handles infrastructure building, including civil and rail engineering for a wide range of products. Apart from UK, the organisation also focuses on asset management and capital projects in United States (Hoovers, 2010). In future, its strengths and well-developed strategy will help it to retain the respected position. Redrow is one of the leading property development organisations in UK. Imaginative design and quality customer service have been the key pillars of its operation (Redrow, 2010). At the time of financial downturn, the entire housing market of UK was in a very vulnerable

The Relationship between Logistics, Operations and the Environment in Research Paper

The Relationship between Logistics, Operations and the Environment in International Manufacturing Organizations from an Environmental Perspective - Research Paper Example The paper tells that the environmental impacts of the activities of the manufacturing companies have been a major concern for the environmental activists. In this respect, the customers and the organizations have also become more conscious about the negative effects of the manufacturing operations on the ecology of the planet. The operations and logistics of international manufacturing organizations may impact the environment through the type of raw materials used, the production and procurement processes, waste management, and pollutant emissions. The authors have stated that the essence of operations strategy lies in the pattern of decisions which affect the ability of the organization to attain the long-term objectives of the business, manufacturing tasks, and the requirements of the market. One of these decisions is the decision related to the compliance of the activities of the organization to the environmental laws and requirements. The customers, suppliers and other stakeholde rs demand that the manufacturing companies try to minimize the negative effects of their production, operations, and other processes on the environment. This has brought about the increasing concern of the manufacturing organizations about the sustainability of their operations and supply chain through the adoption of the â€Å"green factor† in the supply chains and taking effective steps to conduct their operations and manage their logistics in an environmentally sustainable manner. The pressures on the manufacturing organizations from their stakeholders have made it necessary for these organizations to modify and develop their supply chain and other operational aspects to suit the environment and benefit the society as a whole. The manufacturing industry is an important industry in the advanced and developed world. The focus of the revenue generation in different economies has shifted from agricultural industries to manufacturing industries.

Marxist Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marxist Theory - Essay Example Marxism focuses on the relations between different social classes and the societal conflict. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are the intellectual tenets of Marxism in the mid to late 19th century. Many writers have endeavored to talk and elaborate more on this as Marxism has taken a key root in the economies and societal relationships of many countries. Among them are Franz Kafka in the book Metamorphosis and Guy De Maupassant in the book The Necklace. In our following essay, we shall be seeking to associate the two novels and capitalism. Metamorphosis warns of the effects of capitalism. Those human beings are held up in a cocoon of labor and labor and the inevitable end where human beings will be lonely and live a life of makes him horror. It also creates a notion that in the end women will rule over men. The Novella revolves around Gregor who is a salesperson hawking fabric so that he can be able to support his mother and sister. He works so hard like an insect to find anything he c an survive with. He becomes exhausted with this race and he oversleeps and later wakes up and wakes up as a monstrous vermin. Gregor is trapped by his job that makes him like a machine that can be replaced any minute. Entangled by his parents debt and his will to provide for his family he is left with no way out but becoming an alcoholic and this makes him. He works so hard like an insect to find anything he can survive with. He becomes exhausted with this race and he oversleeps and later wakes up.

Alternative Dispute Resolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Alternative Dispute Resolution - Essay Example For example, the NHS estimated that from 2000 onwards, the average time for a claim against the NHS with settlements exceeding  £10,000 to reach court was five and a half years4. However, it has been propounded that â€Å"The satisfactory resolution of disputes is a key issue for any society5† and as such, â€Å"Litigation has traditionally been regarded as the dispute resolution procedure par excellence6†. However, the litigation system has been riddled with problems and Lord Woolf’s review of the civil litigation system underlined concerns regarding the augmenting costs and delay of litigation7. Furthermore, the report found that litigation was too costly, often surpassing the claimant’s application, further compounded by the lack of predictability regarding total costs, perpetuated by consistent delays in concluding such cases8. Lord Woolf’s report resulted in the Civil Procedure Rules9 (the CPR) with a shifting emphasis towards case management in an attempt to alleviate the delay and expense of litigation, and to approach cases in an interventionist/managerial capacity instead of the traditional adversarial approach10. Indeed Lord Woolf commented that â€Å"case management includes identifying the issues in the case; summarily disposing of some issues and deciding in which order other issues are to be resolved; fixing timetables for the parties to take particular steps in the case; and limiting disclosure and expert evidence†11. Lord Woolf’s report also recommended a propensity towards alternative dispute resolution (ADR), with litigation as a last resort option12. However, Cornes highlights the point that private commercial mediation in particular â€Å"does not take place in a legal vacuum, many legal principles are highly relevant to mediation, such as confidentiality, without prejudice, impartiality, conflicts of interest, privilege and so on13.† To this end, Cornes further highlights the fact that the implementation of

Summary of Intervierw Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of Intervierw - Assignment Example Riffle, noted that she had to carry out her roles in a certain way. As a coordinator, one has to ensure that they have a Master’s of Science, Development and cognitive disabilities and a Bachelor’s degree in Arts. In addition, it is necessary to have eight years of experience as a teacher teaching special education students. Like most Special Needs Coordinators in campuses, getting one year training as a NISD special Education Coordinator is critical. As a coordinator with such qualification, it is easier to manage special needs students if a coordinator has the skills and the qualifications (Wearmouth, 2013). In addition, parents are more likely to trust experienced professionals with their special needs children (Westwood, 2010). It is not only any special needs children that qualify for the programs, but those who are visually and emotionally impaired. Additionally, those with orthopedic, speech and auditory impairments are also included. Students with traumatic brain injuries and learning and intellectual disabilities are also qual ified. To admit these students into the special needs programs in the school, they have to do tests to check their adaptive behavior, cognitive and language skills (Wearmouth, 2008). Earlier tests used in special education schools were not suitable when it came to testing students with special needs (Frederickson & Cline, 2009). However, today, it is the work of the General Education Teacher to refer the students to the tests, but a Licensed Specialist in School Psychology (LSSP) carries out the testing. For the school district to get the testing process done, they have to follow the Federal timelines. The Full Individual Evaluation (FIE) or The Admission, Review and Dismissal (ARD) meetings where the parents of the students, special and general education teachers are present are a requirement. Without these meetings, it would not be possible to admit students without allowing the Admission, Review and Dismissal (ARDC) to

19th Century United States Presidential Elections Essay

19th Century United States Presidential Elections - Essay Example Hence, each party nominated a second contender: Aaron Burr for the Democratic-Republicans and Charles Pickney for the Federalists. There are numerous issues considered by the electorate in 1800 which resulted in its unusual outcomes. The popularity of John Adams had declined after his alleged inefficient management of foreign policy. Hence, it was obvious from the start that Jefferson would defeat him. The Democratic-Republicans, after the votes were counted, had emerged victorious. However, the impossible had occurred. A deadlock resulted between Jefferson and Burr. So, the Congress had voted. Still, Jefferson won the presidential seat. The 1808 United States presidential election had three candidates, namely, Federalist Charles C. Pinckney, Democratic-Republican George Clinton, and Democratic-Republican James Madison. James Madison was an advocate of a powerful central government. Having been the loyal secretary of state of Jefferson, Madison gained firm support from the Republicans in 1808. Hence, James Madison defeated Charles Pinckney, who was, in contrast to Madison, a failed Federalist contender in the 1804 election. George Clinton, the incumbent Vice President, was also a contender for the presidential seat, acquiring votes from a Democratic-Republican Party’s division that rejected James Madison. ... In addition, this presidential election was unusual in the sense that the candidate garnering majority of the electoral votes did not win the presidential seat. It is also frequently regarded to be the first election where in the president failed to prevail over popular vote. Just then, a number of states did not perform a popular vote, permitting their state parliament to select the members of the electorate. The 1832 United States presidential election had four candidates, namely, Democratic Andrew Jackson, National Republican Henry Clay, Independent John Floyd, and Anti-Masonic William Wirt. Henry Clay discovered that National Republican support was mainly restricted to New England, Mid-Atlantic States, and his homeland Kentucky. He tried to strengthen his position by choosing a running mate who is an officer of the Bank of the United States. The sitting Jackson chose the trustworthy Martin Van Buren. The Anti-Masonic Party gained little consideration and interest, but was able to undermine Clay by taking several votes. The sweeping victory of Andrew Jackson in the 1832 election ended the existence of the Anti-Masonic and National-Republic parties. They would eventually be reconstructed and included in the development of the Whig Party. The 1836 United States presidential election had five candidates, namely, Democratic Martin Van Buren, Whig William Harrison, Whig Hugh White, and Whig Daniel Webster, and Independent W.P. Mangum. The subject matter of slavery in this election became foremost for the first time. Van Buren tried to make the North and South contented. The primary challenger of Van Buren was William Henry Harrison. The latter was a

Indian Wedding Clothes Essay Example for Free

Indian Wedding Clothes Essay In India, the wedding rituals and clothes make the wedding as much as that of the bride and her groom. Both look their splendid best in gorgeous clothes. Not just the couple, but the guests attending the family and the relatives are often seen dressed up to the teeth. The bride is dressed up in auspicious colors, whereas the bridegroom is dressed to exude a regale aura. The bridesmaids and best men are often dressed in par with the bride and the groom. But they are toned down a bit because the day belongs to the couple. All the folks attending the marriage are decked up with gold jewelry including the bride and sometimes the groom. The ladies are additionally adorned with henna patterns all over their palms, hands, forearms, legs and feet. Sometimes henna patterns are replaced with alta designs which are short lived and easily removable. Indian wedding generally tend to continue for several days and new attire is worn each day. All these dresses and the color symbolize the meaning of marriage and the period that follows it. Indian wedding is one that gives more importance to details like different rituals and the various attires one wears to attend them. Hindu wedding Indian Hindu weddings continue for several days. India is a country that defines diversity and this is visible even in the wedding and its different styles. The ceremonies, the rituals, the formalities are all different between each region and culture. Unlike the Christians, Hindus wedding ceremony does not resemble the western marriages and are quite elaborate. In the North,Starting from the Tilak ceremony, each function has significance in the marriage. Tilak, Sangeet, Haldi, Baraat and the Shaadi, all necessitate the Bride and the bridegroom to wear new attire at each occasion.All these above ceremonies are known by different names in the other parts,e.g.:Simant puja in the west,or Mangalasnanam in the south and so on.But have got   he same significance all over. Bridegrooms clothes Many communities of South,West and Eastern India still adhere to the traditional costumes,i.e. Dhoti,or sometimes Lungi,and Mundu by some communities of the South.Kurta or a shirt may be worn or sometimes just a Angavastram may be used to cover the chest. On the other hand in the Northern parts, bridegroom usually wears a Sherwani, Jodhpuri suit or a western suit. The groom’s face is covered with a veiled with a curtain of flowers which is called Sehra in the North,which is not the custom elsewhere. It is also customary to wear a Taqiyah all through the ceremony in Muslim marriages. Many prefer to wear a Kurta.Kurta can be worn with Salwar,or Dhoti. A dazzling series of ensemble for bridegrooms include majestic sherwani, blended Indo-western suit and ethnic Jodhpuri suit. The exquisite shirts, coats and jackets are designed with extra care and touch to bring out the magnanimity out of the bridegroom on the marriage day. Precious embellishments are studded into the collars and the cuffs of the bridegroom’s dress. Available both in simple cottons and splendid, royal raw silk, these Kurta Pyjamas are a preferred mostly by the bridegrooms. Brides clothes Christian Bride in wedding sari The bride wears a saree or a lehenga according to the region. Red is considered to be the most auspicious color in among Hindus. While the saree is preferred as the bridal dress in South India, West, East India, most brides of other parts of India prefer Lehenga, Gagra Choli and Odni as bridal dress. Christian wedding Christian marriage in India is mostly an adaption of western wedding ceremonies. Here the bridegroom wears a western suit or tuxedo. The Bride usually opts for a silk saree or a western gown. Bridesmaid and family While during a marriage function, the bride and the bridegroom take the centre stage, the bridesmaid takes over everyone off-stage. Dainty Lehenga Cholis in bright colors, long cholis for the conservative, authentic designer lehengas and readymade lehenga cholis are usually selected by the bridesmaid as wedding ensemble. Sometimes the bridesmaids wear sari rich in silk and embroidery. Delicately put together with alluring fabrics of bright and cheery colours, these Lehengas bring out the playful nature of the bridesmaid.

Thinking Critically Simulation Review Essay Example for Free

Thinking Critically Simulation Review Essay Through the thinking critically simulation, I was able to exercise my own problem solving techniques. In the simulation, real-life business scenarios were given as examples to be resolved. It was divided into three parts: (1) Framing the problem, (2) Making the decisions, and (3) Evaluation the decision. Each phase has its own sublevels which specifically advise the decision makers on what tasks to do in order to effectively address the problem. In the first phase, I was given several possible problems and I was asked to rank them based on urgency and criticality. The detailed background information about the company helped me in analyzing the situation. However, in the end I resorted to my own techniques in coming up with the best way to rank the problems. It was easier for me to select the problem that when solve can immediately help increase the sales of the electronics store. It was just a manner of choosing the problem that would caused a major impact on the store if it is not straight away confronted. Based on the results, my efforts received a B+ grade which meant that I fairly did well in that activity. Â  Meanwhile, for the second phase, I was asked to match the best solutions for the immediate concerns of the company. It was mentioned that formulating solutions includes identifying the problem, planning alternatives and evaluating the alternatives. I followed these steps but unfortunately I was not able to get a good assessment based on the solutions that I have selected for the given problems. Probably, it would have helped if I paid more attention to details and weighed the consequences of each probable solution. I think the practicality and convenience of the solutions should also be considered in order to optimize the resources of the company without the risk of decreasing sales or losing employees. More so, I have realized that in most problems, single or the so-called best solutions are hard to find. It is easier to draft several solutions and try to implement all of them which could help in addressing all the aspects of the identified problems. In the third phase of the simulation, I was asked to evaluate the given solutions through metrics which will measure the efficiency of each resolution. It is very important that before a decision is made; all sides of the situation or the problem should have been carefully analyzed. In the end, the decision maker should always keep in mind that in making decisions, every detail no matter how small should be considered. Also, there are obvious problems and solutions that may seem as the only appropriate options for a particular situation. But a decision maker must be critical with this so as not to waste time and effort on fallacies that poses only as problems and solutions but in reality, these are just the actual scenarios.

The Role And Task Culture

The Role And Task Culture Employees decide what best they can do and gladly accept the challenge. Every individual is responsible for something has to take responsibity of the work assigned to him. Nowadays in most organizations there is role culture. It is the specialization of employee to a job where they are the best. By having the role culture in an organization, it should increase the productivity. This is a functional structure and it is also a divisional structure. The task culture: The task culture is to put the right people together and then give them a task. This type of culture is teamwork. The people with more knowledge and experience will lead this type of culture in an organization and bring the teams together to work towards the same goal. Decisions are made quickly because people are able to discuss with each other freely. Staff feels motivated because they are allowed to make decisions within their team. This is a matrix structure. The difference between role culture and task culture is that one is individual and the other one is teamwork. In a role culture power comes from the personal position whereas in the task culture the power is derived from the team. 2) There are three main organizational structures: Functional: The first advantage is the specialization where each unit operates as a type of independent with specific role. Employees develop specialized knowledge. They become experts within their functional area. The company will benefit from their expertise and experience over time. Then we have like advantage the Efficiency and Productivity. It is where a worker completes a tasks with a high level of speed and efficiency, which improves productivity. The employees may be highly motivated to advance their careers, which may also make them more productive. The disadvantage is a lack of teamwork where employee may have difficulty working well with other units. And if they have to work with a team it can be a problem where specialized workers can not be agree with others. Difficult Management Control can also be a problem where management can maintain control when the organization expands. If management doesnt control it, the different department can think that they have autonomy. Matrix A Matrix structure organisation contains teams of people created from various sections of the business. These teams will be created for the purposes of a specific project. At every new project there a new team. The advantages of a matrix are that workers are chosen according the needs of the project. Project manager are directly responsible While the disadvantages can be in conflict between teams mate. And if team have lot of independence it can be difficult to monitor them Task B According to John Ivancevich and Michael Mattson, the major factors that influence individual differences are demographic factors, abilities and skills, perception, attitudes and personality. Demographic Factors: The demographic factors are socio economic background, education, nationality, race, age, sex, etc. companies prefer persons that belong from good socio economic-background, well educate. Young and dynamic professionals that have good educational and effective communication skills are always in great demand. The demographic factor helps managers to select future candidates for job. Abilities and Skills: The physical capacity of an individual can be the ability. Skill is the ability to act in a way to perform well. The individual behaviour and performance is highly influenced by ability and skills. The managers plays vital role in matching the abilities and skills of the employees with the particular job requirement. Perception: It is the process that interprets external environment stimuli. But they are different reasons that can influence the perception of persons. The study of perception plays important role for the managers. It is important for mangers to create the positive work environment so that employees notice them in most favourable way. Employee would perform better within a good environment. Attitude: Attitude is the best way to succeed in life. It is the tendency to respond positively to object, persons or situation. Employees will perform better if they have a positive attitude. They should have the attitude to work with their heart for the company. Job should be a prayer for people. Personality: It is the study of the characteristics and distinctive traits of an individual. Heredity, family, society, culture and situation are factors that influence personality. Its the manner to respond in an environment. Personality offers opportunity to understand the persons. It helps them by motivating them for the accomplishment of the organizational goal. Every organisation demands a particular type of behaviour from their employees. All these factors are important. Lets take an example when a company offers a job of helper. The manager should look the physical capacity of the man before employing him. There are many others example we can make. Individual behavior is very important for an organization because if the manager chooses right workers, his workforce will increase. TASK C There are three types of leadership; the autocratic, democratic and the laissez faire. Melanie seems to use the autocratic leadership style. This leadership is characterized by an individual control over all decisions and little contribution from group members. Autocratic leaders naturally make choices based on their own ideas and hardly accept others suggestions. They control the groups. She makes the decision. Melanie is a leader where she doesnt want to hear NO or WHY when she tells what workers have to do. I think an autocratic attitude is good for the organization because when Melanie has to make a decision it is direct. But by having this attitude, the workforce is falling down. She doesnt have direct connection with his employees; she only gives instruction through officers. The communication is only one side. There is not really a relation between workers and Melanie. Workers have lost interest in theirs jobs thats why the labour turnover is high. Furthmore employee fear Melanie. This situation was created by the instauration of a powerfull discipline of work. As we know, employee should have some flexibility of work. Melanie has just run after high productivity, she didnt take care about the condition of her employee. She should have know that automatically if the workers are not happy the productivity would decrease. But Melanie didnt see that this way she had prefer to take new workers than keeping the ancient one. Which has result to a high labour turnover. Having an autocratic leadership is also good because it helps the company to take decision quickly. This kind of leadership is mostly present in most Small medium companies. 2) There is a problem in Melanies department. To change this, as an HR we can use Maslows hierarchy of need model. Abraham Maslow developed where humans have five needs which will fulfill their needs. Humans need begin with needs, which are vital to survive, and then one by one he try to satisfy higher needs. The needs are as follows: Physiological needs Safety needs Relationship needs, Self-esteem needs Self-actualization needs. In order to improve the organizational performance, it is vital that the company recognizes the individual need and provides openings for satisfaction for workers. At Innovative Prods Ltd., the worker works with fear because if they do something wrong they can be fired and also Melanie has establish a high power discipline. It can be result into a poor productivity. The most basic needs for an employee is to have a decent pay so he can live and make his family living. The safety needs to be fulfilled by having a security of work tomorrow. As we know there is a high level of labour turnover. The relationship need is very important because employees should have a direct contact with their boss. They constantly need to know that their boss is counting on them. They should fell valued. But Melanie does not even talk to her employee. She should start interaction with them so that the motivation level can increase. Melanie is proud of her productivity but she doesnt reward her employees and the need of recognition could enable them to have be valued into this company. Melanie should understand and appreciate her labors efforts rather than staying apart from them. To improve motivation: Esteem needs: Management can reward employees on accomplishing and reaching their targets. Or simply increasing their salary. Social needs: management can encourage teamwork Self-actualization needs: the management can propose professions in which the employees skills and competencies are fully utilized. However, Maslows hierarchy has some limitations in this case. For example, the eight workers may not have any safety needs with regards to their work. Herzbergs theory of motivation could be applied to the present case. For instance, a motivator would be to receive feedback on their performance. And then Melanie has to talk to her workforce about their performance.

Heavy Metal Analysis on Babylonia Areolata

Heavy Metal Analysis on Babylonia Areolata Heavy Metal Analysis on Babylonia areolata CONTENTS PAGES 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study 1.2 Problem statements 1.3 Objectives of study 1.4 Hypothesis 1.5 Scope of study 1.6 Significant of study 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Study area 3.2 Research instrument 3.3 Sampling and sampling material 3.4 Research procedure EXPECTED RESULTS 5.0 GANTT CHART 6.0 REFERENCES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF STUDY Mollusks can be found almost everywhere on land and its habitat was including coral reef, estuaries, freshwater lakes and also rivers. Its habitat ranging from deserts to rainforests (Lydeard Lindberg, 2003). Mollusks also had been identified as an important fisheries and mariculture food such as clams, scallops, abalone and conch instead of commercial pearl production (Landman et al., 2001). Babylonia areolata, ivory shell was categorized as a gastropod in family Buccinidae (Hualkasin et al., 2008). B. areolata can easily be recognized by its colour-pattern because it was the only member of the genus with three broadly separated rows of dark spots (Altena et al., 1981). This three widely separated rows of spots are visible on the body-whorl, enabling easy identification of this species (Altena et al.,1981). It can be found 10-20m deep in sandy bottom (Habe, 1997). B. areolata has a buccinoid shell with the aperture approximately half of the total height. There are no notch can be seen from the upper part as the outer lip of the aperture not clearly thickened inside. On the last whorl in the inner lip, a notch consisting of a strong callus can be seen for the umbilicus. The umbilicus is wide open and the initial whorls whitish follows by the reddish-brown spots on a white background for the following whorls (Altena et al., 1981). The spotted babylon, B. areolata which also known as the Hoy Wan in Thailand supports a commercial fishery (Chaitanawisuti Kritsanapuntu, 1999). This species can be found in the Gulf of Thailand by three different shell colors which are brown, cream and white. The different shell colors indicate different values. The brown shell has the highest price while the white shell has the lowest price (Hualkasin et al., 2008). High demand for the brown shell B. areolata was from China, Taiwan, Hong kong and Japan. In Thailand, the distribution of B.areolata was different at the upper and lower Gulf of Thailand. Phetchaburi and Rayong which located at the upper gulf of Thailand only have brown shells B. areolata while in Songkhla and Pattani, all three colors are found there (Hualkasin et al., 2008). B. areolata is a well-known and nutritious food which have been a popular mollusk model used for the study of heavy-metal toxicity and biologic poisoning toxins transmission (Chen Chou, 1998). As the B. areolata has a potential market in Thailand as well as in Malaysia it will be used in this experiment to study its heavy metal contents and concentration. The place chosen for the sample drawing of B. areolata is in Bachok, Kelantan. Table 1: Taxonomy of B. areolata . PROBLEM STATEMENT Since B. areolata are widely used for the food purpose, there should some study on the composition or content of the B. areolata itself in order to ensure it was safe for the human consumption. The B. areolata lives in place like beach and may consume or eat on heavy metal that comes from nearby industry which may become harmful when human consume it. This experiment then can prove or can ensure the safety of B. aerolata for the consumption if the result of the experiments shows it flesh was having small quantity of the heavy metal which was deemed harmless to human. Heavy metal poisoning in human was resulted from the toxic accumulation of heavy metals in soft tissues. There was some level of heavy metal that permitted in the human body which would not give any health problems to the human health. In this study, the level of the expected heavy metal in the flesh of B. areolata will be discover to investigate whether their level was below the acceptable amount. The concentration of the heavy metal and exposure time make the metal’s toxic effects establish in an organ as many toxicants tend to be bio accumulate. When they occur at certain levels, even essential elements that are critical for life, may lead to loss of organ function or death (Goyer, 1996). This determination also important as B. areolata has the potential to become one of the ingredients for the feed preparation. If B. areolata was safe for human consumption, it also can become the ingredients for the feed production. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY To determine the concentration of heavy metal (Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Mercury and Zinc) in the Babylonia areolata. HYPOTHESIS H0 = B. areolata contains heavy metal concentration. Ha = B. areolata do not contains heavy metal concentration. SCOPE OF STUDY The scopes of this research are as follow: Only B. areolata which was draw from Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia. Only one parameter of were being used in this study, that heavy metal concentration. To determine the component and concentration of the heavy metal in the B. areolata. SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY The study was important to get more knowledge about the contamination of the seafood which is B. areolata by the heavy metals. The importance of the study is to identify the concentration of the heavy metal in the B. areolata compared to the amount that permissible for the human consumption. As the contents of the heavy metal in the B. areolata was safe for human consumption, so the species can be the potential ingredients for the feed preparation. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Distribution and background of Babylonia areolata B. areolata can be easily identify as it has three widely separated rows of spots which visible on its body whorl. The size of the shells can be up to 93 mm high and 52 mm broad. This species inhabits in sandy or muddy bottoms in shallow water. The distribution of this species is from Ceylon and the Nicobar Islands through the Gulf of Thailand, along the Vietnamese and Chinese coasts to Taiwan (Altena Gittenberger, 1981). B. areolata is well-known for domestic and international consumption which make it one of the economically important aquatic species. The price of this species was quite high which around 300- 350 Baht/kg in Thailand (Sutthinon et al., 2007). B. areolata will be a target species of commercial fisheries in Thailand. Nowadays, the aquaculture activity have been increase and improve to ensure the increment and sustainability of the stock as the number and the size of mollusk catch from the Thai coast is small (Hualkasin et al., 2008). In Thailand, the expanding domestic market of seafood and increasing demand of B. areolata results to the many interest to the commercial culture of this species. This also results due to the catastrophic decline in its populations in the gulf of Thailand. At present, the culture of B. areolata in large-scale production using the flow-through seawater system in concrete or canvas ponds shows a success for the species to survive from juveniles to marketable size (Chaitanawisuti et al., 2011). B. areolata with brown shell has the highest price while the white shell has the lowest price. High demand from countries such as China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Japan is for the brown shells (Hualkasin et al., 2008) This species has been cultured and consumed widespread throughout Asia which can be introduce as a new commercial gastropod. In recent years, market demand for this species has increased which results to the decrease in the wild population and shortage of seed stock to support its aquaculture industry. In order to support the increasing demand, the B. areolata should be produced in high quantity and quality by artificial method (Abol-munafi et al., 2010). 2.2 Category and hazards of heavy metal Heavy metal analysis on the source food was very important studies as it will ensure the safety of the food for the human consumption. Seafood was one of the food sources that have a high risk on the contamination with the heavy metal. Seafood may live in the sea where the components of heavy metals may be dissolved in it from the many sources such as the industrial activity nearby it. Heavy metal was divide into two categorized which is biological essential and non-biological essential metals (Kie, 2013) Biological essential metal can be refers to the metal that are needed to fulfill wide and variety range of human body functions. On the other hand, non-biological essential metals are considered to be toxic, nevertheless, modern medicine utilized them in a diverse range of applications including diagnostics, imaging and therapeutic applications (Dyson, 2011). Some examples of non-biological essential metal are lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium and tin. All heavy metals can be toxic when they exceed the threshold concentrations (Kie, 2013). 2.3 Heavy metal analysis in fish Heavy metals can harm human health by contaminating or accumulating in aquatic life and enter the food chain if the contamination and exposure is significant (Fernandes et al. 2007). In addition, this heavy metal are categorizes by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) based on their potential for human exposure and health risk (Birungi et al. 2007). Fish is consumed by large population especially those who live nearby the river as a source of protein and the accumulating of heavy metal in fish will be an important issues (Roshasliney et al., 2010) Fish which has low saturated fat and sufficient omega fatty acid are also important in supporting good health to human. Growing rates, metabolism, feeding pattern and ecological need will influence the level of heavy metal contamination in fish (Yilmaz et al. 2005; Yilmaz et al. 2010). Besides, the exposure of fish to heavy metals also depends on the differences in life history patterns among species (including trophic levels and geographical distribution of life stages (Allen-Gil Martynov 1995). 2.4 Heavy metal analysis in bivalve and gastropod Mollusks are able to accumulate heavy metals which will give a hazard to the consumers (Qiang et al., 2001). According to Qiang et al. (2001), the heavy metal concentrations in the local seafood being monitored for many years to ensure the safety of the seafood. The study conducted by Qiang et al. (2001) was to access the current status of heavy metal pollution in shellfish available in major markets in Pearl River Delta and to compare with the tolerable limits. The costal environments of Pearl River become polluted with the liquid waste since the industrial development and the rapid population growth occur there (Qiang et al., 2001). MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 STUDY AREA Study area for this experiment is in Bachok, Kelantan. 3.2 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT Instrument that will be used for the analyzing of the heavy metal contents was Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). 3.3 SAMPLING AND SAMPLING MATERIAL Sample that will be collect is B. areolata 3.4 RESEARCH PROCEDURE Sample of B. areolata is collected from the sampling area which is in Bachok, Kelantan. 25 g of wet tissue of B. areolata (5 g dry weight) will be weighed out into crucible, and samples will be dried at 135 Â °C for 2 hour to obtain a dry weight. The dry sample then transfer to a cool muffle furnace and the temperature will slowly rise to 450Â °C-500Â °C. The ash will be left overnight. The samples then removed from the muffle furnace and let to cool to room temperature. Next, 2 ml of nitric acid (HNO3) will be added cautiously and swirled. The sample will be evaporated carefully just to dryness on warm hot plate or steam bath. It then transfers to cooled furnace, and the temperature slowly rises to 450 Â °C- 500 Â °C and hold at this temperature for 1 hour. The crucible will be removed and cool. To obtain clean, practically carbon-free ash the nitric acid (HNO3) treatment will be repeated if necessary. 10 ml of 1N hydrochloric acid (HCl) will be added and ash will dissolve by heating cautiously on a hot plate. The ash then transfers to a volumetric flask and hydrochloric acid (HCl) add as necessary. The ash then cool and dilute to a volume. As the sample ready, the sample will be test with Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) for the heavy metal analysis. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer general procedures consist of: 1. The hollow cathode lamp or electrode discharge lamp and D2-lamp were lighted if such background correction is used. The lamp current was set to the value specified by the manufacturer. 2. The monochromator was positioned at wavelength 213.9 nm. 3. The intensity of the hollow cathode lamp and the D2-lamp was carefully balanced if such background correction is used. 4. The burner head was aligned to assure that the center of the light beam passes over the burner slot. 5. The flame was lighted and the flow of fuel and oxidant was regulated to produce an oxidizing flame (lean blue). 6. Calibration blank was aspirate and a zero point was established. 7. Standard solutions were aspirated and a calibration curve was constructed. 8. Distilled water was aspirated after each standard or sample. EXPECTED RESULTS The B. areolata was live in deep sandy bottom which may be in sea or beach. For this experiment, the sample was draw near the industrial place. The expected heavy metals that will be analyzed from this experiment are Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb) and Mercury (Hg) (Qiang et al., 2001). These heavy metals was hazardous if accumulated in human tissue with exceeding value that recommended by the expertise. Arsenic can be found naturally on earth in small concentration. It occurs in soils and minerals and it may enter air, water and land through wind-blown dust and water run-off. This could be the reason for the contamination in B. areolata. The cadmium can be contaminated in the B. areolata by the exposure with the anticorrosion agent used by the ship for the coat of the ship itself. As the cadmium was mostly used as the anticorrosion agent, this would be the reasons of the cadmium absorption that release from the ship coat by B. areolata. Next, for the copper, it could be released into the environment by both natural sources and human activities. Examples of natural sources are wind-blown dust, decaying vegetation, forest fires and sea spray. Apart from that, it is applied in the industries and in agriculture which eventually will contaminate the sea water. For lead, although native lead is rare in nature but the contamination could be occur due to the lead cycle results from human production such as from the car exhaust. For mercury it can found naturally in the environment such as in metal form and mercury salts. This could be the source of the contamination. Lastly for the zinc, zinc occurs naturally in air, water and soil, but zinc concentrations are rising unnaturally, due to addition of zinc through human activities. Some soils are heavily contaminated with zinc, and these are to be found in areas where zinc has to be mined or refined, or were sewage sludge from industrial areas has been used as fertilizer. This also could be the source of the heavy metal that contaminated in the B. areolata. GANTT CHART

Inequalities In Workplace Due To Gender Sociology Essay

Inequalities In Workplace Due To Gender Sociology Essay The nature of inequalities between men and women dates back to the sociologist view of Emile Durkheim, and the idea of social facts and the essence of an individuals ability to act independently of the obstacles that deter from their personal right of achieving social equality (Ferrante 5). As Durkheim lay the groundwork for gender inequalities in society, the inequalities in leadership roles in the workplace are also in turn modeled by a societys hierarchical structure or choice of social agency. Furthermore, the patriarchal social structure in the workforce in which women are seen as inferior is perpetuated by the collective social belief of female inferiority and a male dominance of power, as created by a mutual interaction between men and women. Since the womens rights movement, the presence of women in the workforce has been increasing greatly, but discrimination and inequality in earnings is still prevalent in leadership positions. The nature of gender inequalities in society h ave laid the foundation for a structured system of inequality in the workforce while simultaneously reinforcing the social construct of male dominance and the psychological belief of self inferiority in females. The nature of gender inequalities in leadership positions can be partially attributed to the viewpoint of Emile Durkheim in relation to social facts and the effect of a social structure that invests most power in males. Werner J. Cahnman and Joseph Maiers article on sociologist, Emile Durkheim, in the Encyclopaedia Judaica, highlights Durkheims inquiries on social inequalities that are still prevalent today. Durkheims legacy was partially created by the connection he made between a social fact and its affect on societal structures, such as occupational status. According to Durkheim, because society is above man and penetrates man [at the same time], it is ultimately the only thing that has the power to [. . .] submit them to rules of conduct, to privations, and to the kind of sacrifice without which society would be impossible (Cahnman and Maier 63). Durkheim suggests that the individual of society experiences an indirect dependence by focusing his attention on everything essential t o the maintenance of society: its principle norms, values, institutions, its sacred symbols, and as a result, they are subject to obey the popular belief of a hierarchical structure. This in turn leads to a distinct gender inequality between men and women (Cahnman and Maier 63). The opposing force of an authoritative societal structure is agency. According to writers Terri Apter and Elizabeth Garnsey of the Womens Studies International Forum, the sociological debate of structure and agency emphasizes the individuals capacity to act independently of structural constraints (20). Whereas Durkheim suggested that society maintains stability and structure through the individuals submission to structure, agency advocates for the individual to be an active participant in society and face the constraints of society head on. As women are constantly perceived as inadequate active citizens in their society, they have learned to internalize the social constraints and reinforce the perception of females in society as the inferior counterpart of males. The nature behind this hierarchical social structure that gives way to gender inequalities in the workforce is partially affected by psychological constraints that women experience through the structural constraints of society. Apter and Garnsey explain that social actions refer to the interactions and mutuality of experiences between the participants of society to formulate a common belief stemming from constructional constraints in society (19). Furthermore, as the belief of male superiority and female inferiority is formulated as a common conception, the womans failure to act independently of social constraints prevents [her] from asserting their rights and successfully challenging the status quo in which [she] has an unequal share (Apter and Garnsey 21). Women have been socialized to accept social constraints, causing an overall lack of agency that is essential to obtaining positions at the top of the hierarchical social structure. Societal gender inequalities were first formulat ed centuries ago, with causes stemming from social constraints working against women as enforced by the male dominance and the females submission to the societys structural hierarchies. The American Psychological Association released the article, Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice Toward Female Leaders in the Psychological Review in July of 2002, to highlight the blatant prejudices toward women in leadership positions, as well as the obstacles women face in their endeavor to reach the top. Researchers Alice H. Eagly and Steven J. Karau state in this article that leadership has been predominantly a male prerogative in corporate, political, military, and other sectors of society and although women have, indeed, gained increased access to supervisory and middle management positions, they continue to remain quite rare as elite leaders and top executives (575). While women have come far from the times before the Womens Rights movement, there is still room for improvement, as societal con straints continue to hinder a womans occupation of a leadership role in the workforce. The causes behind workforce gender inequality is undoubtedly a product of societal constraints that inhibit a womans upward strive to leadership. The belief of male superiority in the workforce is reinforced as the terms of male power rest on the assumption that society is structured to support male interests (Apter and Garnsey 19-20). This belief of male superiority has perpetuated a distinct gender segregation that has been a long acting force in nearly every aspect of a womans life, as prejudice against women causes and continues job segregation at work, while directly and indirectly men maintain that power in the home (Apter and Garnsey 21). Because women often are expected to stay home and help create a family unit, women are viewed as largely powerless when faced with such structures as the educational system and job segregation, which appear in crucial ways to embody male power (Apter and Garnsey 20). As a result, a females worth is often determined by the male population, and the possibility of success is limited. As social constraints block upward mobility, women have become socialized to psychologically limit themselves as a gender in their vocations, allowing the male gender to take on the role of superiority. This is emphasized by Apter and Garnsey in the Womens Studies International Forum suggests that women are seen from this perspective to take a shrewd measure of the cost of success in male terms in a male world and, accordingly, to choose different goals and other means of achieving them (20). This viewpoint suggests that the inequalities in gender are not only enforced by powerful male figures, but also by the female population instead. According to this perspective, if women freed themselves psychologically, if they changed their outlook, they could take action to remedy inequalities (Apter and Garnsey 20). As society has formulated a belief of female inferiority, the possibility in both a woman and mans mind of a woman reaching an elitist position of leadership in the workforce i s seen as completely unattainable. The main reason that perpetuates the job inequalities between men and women in the workforce can be attributed to the blatant discrimination of womens entrance into previously male dominated jobs. The article, Gender Inequality Across Local Wage Hierarchies by Matt L. Huffman explains this gender discrimination and the limitations of female workers. Huffman states that the explanation behind gender inequality jobs include a cultural devaluation of work done by women as well as the fact that hiring discrimination restricting womens access to some jobs inevitably results in occupational crowding that drives down pay in female-dominated jobs (324). Huffman accordingly inquires that another mechanism in perpetuating this inequality is in the ability of powerful groups (such as men) to monopolize the most powerful positions in organizations which can be found in jobs that ensue the highest skill requirements, opportunities for advancement, and/or chances to exercise authority (325). Huffm an furthers his argument by conceptually calling his claim a social closure process in which gender inequality is created and sustained through the allocation of women and men into positions that differ along key pay-related dimensions (325). Huffman argues that societies function to maintain the dominant groups interest by sustaining existing inequalities in workplace through power and rewards (325). This social closure process coincides with the sociological term the glass ceiling effect of which blocks womens social mobility into the upper levels in organizational hierarchies as it explains the constant limitation experienced by women in climbing the ladder of success when in competition with male authoritative figures. Accordingly, studies have shown that within the presence of the glass ceiling effect, increased inequality at high levels of an outcome, such as earnings and authority are often present as well (Huffman 326). The inequalities in the workforce can be best understoo d by the wage discrepancies between equal paying jobs of men and women, primarily in leadership positions. The findings from research in this particular area of study on gender inequalities show that there is a noticeable inconsistency between the earnings of men and women not only in equal job statuses, but primarily in positions of leadership as well. Two sociologists, Steven Sweet and Kimberly Baker, designed two learning modules to increase college students understandings of gender and racial inequalities in their intended vocations. The study supplied students with information and data from the census of that particular year, showing that the gender inequalities do exist in todays society and are extremely prevalent. The data show that women under-earn men in 94.1 percent of the students chosen occupations, in 91.1 percent of all occupations, and in 92.4 percent of upper tier occupations (Sweet and Baker 7). Accordingly, it is only found that within 5.5 percent of the students chosen careers, 8.4 percent of all careers, and 7.1 percent of upper tier careers that men and women make eq ual earnings today in America (Sweet and Baker 7). As shown in these statistics, it is nearly impossible to escape gender inequalities in the workforce throughout America. Furthermore, The Psychological Review shows research that coincides with this phenomenon as they collected an array of statistics pertaining to major leadership roles that consistently show inequality, namely: women constitute 4% of the five highest earning officers in Fortune 500 companies and 0. 4% of the CEOs (Catalyst, 2000); 13% of senators, 14% of congressional representatives, and 10% of state governors (Center for the American Woman and Politics, 2001); and 2% of military officers at the level of brigadier general and rear admiral or higher (U.S. Department of Defense, 1998) (Eagly and Karau 573). As the preceding statistics show, women representation in the elite power jobs is highly limited; despite the fact that the number of women in the workforce has been steadily increasing. According to the New York Times, throughout the 1900s and 2000s, and until this recession, women occupied less than 49 percent of the workforce. However, that percent has now crossed the 50 percent threshold for the first time (Mulligan). Yet despite this achievement, women make only 77.5 cents for every dollar that men earn and to further these facts, statistics show that as the amount of education a woman has increases, the greater the disparity will be that she will have to accommodate for; stating that women in specialty occupations were found to earn just 72.7 percent of what men in the same occupation were earning (Mulligan). Although womens rights have come a long way since the predating times of the Womens Rights Movement, there is still a blatantly obvious discrimination towards women in the workforce, hindering the gender from attaining the success that society has strictly deemed achievable for the male species only.